The continent has been too rigid in recent years, too narcissistic, too comfortable. Some Brexiteers even posed justifiable questions. What if, for example, the EU has already fulfilled its primary function of securing peace and prosperity in Europe? What if the citizens of Europe no longer want deeper ties between their countries? Must "more Europe" really always be the only answer to everything?
The European Union now has the opportunity to reinvent itself. But it also needs to consider new, looser forms of memberships for countries like Britain or Turkey that want to conduct trade but either do not want to be or cannot be part of an ever-closer community. Next week, EU leaders will meet in Brussels for their first post-Brexit summit. It has to be the start of a new beginning. That's the only chance we have left.
In early 2013 the USGS put out this map of the shales, at that time the Bakken was the only big commercial shale.
This map, from the same time, shows land rigs crisscrossing the US hunting down the shales, at that time we had no idea which shales were significant, commercial or the scale of the technological impact. 
Today, the EIA closely tracks activity in these counties, and we have the Marcellus/Utica which have changed the economics of natural gas (resource the size of Russia, economics make decent returns at $3.) We have the Eagle Ford, which is commercial,but not much larger than the Bakken, and then we have the Permian. In area the Permian is 75000 sq miles or 48m acres. Under this area there are 13 shale horizons, today at $50, there is active drilling on 3. 
EOG, for example, claims 2.3bn boee on 3 horizons. EOG does not disclose acreage particularly well, we can estimate numbers at something like 13-14 boee per million acres, that is in line with Parsley. 
600 Tcf Shale Gas Reserves
“Saudi Arabia will be the next frontier after the U.S., where shale and unconventionals will make a significant contribution to our energy mix, especially gas,” he said, according to Reuters. His predecessor as minister, Ali al-Naimi, also had gone on record last year stating that Saudi Arabia estimated it had about 16.9 Tcm (600 Tcf) of shale gas reserves, which would put it in fifth place in the world rankings for total unconventional reserves.
It’s been less than five years since Aramco launched its unconventional gas initiative, which among other things eventually saw it open in late 2014 its Aramco Research Center in Houston. Operated by Aramco Services Co., the facility’s objective was and remains to conduct unconventional upstream research in exploration, drilling, field development and project management. Its location means it has been able to access world-leading U.S. drilling and production expertise.
That know-how already is paying dividends. Over the last two years the company has in particular been focused on potential reserves in its frontier Northern Region, where it is committed to developing shale gas to feed a planned 1,000-MW power generation plant.
Exploration Program
An exploration program in the kingdom’s northwest, South Ghawar and Rub’ al-Khali (Empty Quarter) area has seen promising results emerge in parts, particularly from the Jafurah gas basin. Jafurah is located southeast of Ghawar, the world’s largest conventional oil field.
“Our exploration efforts have resulted in finding big volumes of shale gas in the Jafurah Basin, close to Al-Ahsa [a town in eastern Saudi Arabia]. They are highly promising quantities and economically feasible as they contain a high rate of liquids; activities to evaluate the reserves are ongoing,” Amin Nasser, Aramco’s CEO, said at an industry event in the kingdom in March, according to Reuters.
Part of Saudi Arabia’s increased focus on unconventional gas is because it wants to step up its ability to manufacture more specialty petrochemicals rather than lower value petrochemicals. The country is already one of the largest producers of petrochemicals in the world. But its continued plan to expand its downstream capabilities needs to be fed by a corresponding expansion of its upstream gas resources.
23 Bcf/d Gas Goal
Nasser said earlier this year that Aramco plans to almost double its total gas production to 651 MMcm/d (23 Bcf/d) within a decade. Up to 113 MMcm/d (4 Bcf/d) of that could come from unconventional gas sources.
The advances in the Jafurah shale gas play have given it increased confidence that it can deliver on this promise despite the challenges that it faces there. According to a technical paper given at the SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference late last year, sweet spot identification within the Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain Formation in the Jafurah Basin “represents a major challenge as it requires a large number of wells drilled over a wide geographical area with high associated costs.”
Knowing that innovative drilling, completion and stimulation practices were required, a study was carried out to identify and maximize potential frack stages and placements. The initial results from vertical wells drilled in the basin have proved, according to the paper, that proppant can be successfully placed and indicated the presence of a potential gas-rich play within the same source rock.
“Subsequent horizontal wells were the first liquid-rich gas carbonate horizontal wells with ultralow shale permeability in Saudi Arabia. The first horizontal wells had excellent gas production with significant amounts of condensate. By further building on experience from the drilled and stimulated wells, the lessons learned provide a foundation for the completion of future unconventional gas wells in the Jafurah Basin,” it stated.
Contracts Awarded
This talk of “potential” resources is not just hot air, however. Real-world contracts already have been awarded for various pilot-stage projects.
In August 2015 Japan’s JGC Corp. was awarded a contract to build shale gas facilities, including processing facilities, wellheads and pipelines, at Turaif in northwest Saudi Arabia. Called “System A” and estimated to be worth nearly $200 million, the project will be located near a large mining project called Waad al-Shamal currently under development.
JGC will build the facilities for Saudi Aramco with capacity put at 1.8 MMcm/d (66 MMcf/d). Although not formally confirmed by Saudi Aramco, a separate press release by Maloney Metalcraft confirmed it had secured a $2 million contract from JGC Gulf International Co. to supply gas treatment packages.
Aramco is developing the infrastructure for processing shale gas from the Jalamid Field in the Al-Jouf and Northern Border Regions, according to Maloney’s press release. “The first phase of this project (System A) will involve gathering gas from the ST-53A area of these fields, routing it to an engineered surface facility location [and] then transporting it about 30 km [18.6 miles] via pipeline to a customer. The contract with JGC Gulf International, which is contracted by Saudi Aramco, covers the initial four gas treatment separation and filtration packages in System A.”
System B of the project was, it continued, due to be tendered as an engineering, procurement and construction contract in second-quarter 2016 and would require four times the number of packages as System A.
Austen Adams, managing director of the energy division of Maloney’s parent company Avingtrans, said in the release the contract was its first shale gas project and demonstrated “that new business opportunities are available for companies with the recognized experience and expertise necessary to design and build performance-critical components.”
The full project, including both systems, is projected to supply up to 5.6 MMcm/d (200 MMcf/d) of unconventional gas by 2018.
Early-stage Projects
These early-stage projects, along with Saudi Aramco’s continued push to overcome the many technological and environmental challenges that remain—not least of which is the need to find enough water in the middle of the Arabian desert to help it carry out the required levels of hydraulic fracturing—means that the pace of unconventional activity in the kingdom will be sustained, both in terms of R&D work and exploration and appraisal programs. That also will entail further work on both adopting and adapting techniques and know-how developed by shale producers in North America such as the factory approach to drilling.
Saudi Arabia’s consistent long-term strategic approach to oil and gas is clearly guiding its approach to shale. With domestic demand for gas in the kingdom set to almost double from its 2011 level of 99.1 Bcm/year (3.5 Tcf/year) by 2030 and with the costs of unconventional gas production likely to continue to fall, the country’s shale resources remain increasingly attractive.
Guyana energy minister Raphael Trotman told the Associated Press that the Liza-2 appraisal well had encountered hydrocarbons and that ExxonMobil was planning the next well in its drilling campaign.
Such a result was not unexpected and ExxonMobil indicated it planned to perform a production test on the appraisal well to learn more about the performance of the Liza reservoir following the initial discovery in 2015, which some have said could be upwards of 700 million barrels.
The partners located the Liza-2 well on the structure’s flank and planned to sidetrack it back towards the centre of the reservoir for the production test, which has already started.
US partner Hess said drillship Stena Carron will then move about 32 kilometres north-west on the Stabroek block, where the partners are targeting “look-alike” structures on prospects tentatively named Skipjack and Payara.
ExxonMobil operates Liza on the Stabroek block with a 45% stake with Hess holding 30% and China National Offshore Oil Corporation-owned Nexen on 25%.
EU health commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis said the commission would meet on Monday (27 June) to discuss the next steps. The commission is expected to push through the temporary relicensing of glyphosate.
EU farmers’ umbrella group Copa-Cogeca, which represents 23 million EU farmers and 22,000 agri-cooperatives, said it “regretted” that the appeal committee failed to give an opinion on the relicensing of glyphosate and it urged the commission to reapprove the product before 30 June.
Copa-Cogeca secretary-general Pekka Pesonen highlighted the many environmental benefits of using glyphosate.
“Farmers have been using for example no till – a sustainable agricultural practice – and it’s with the use of glyphosate that they can do this in a cost effective manner to ensure soils are in good condition.
“It is an important tool together with catch crops to prevent soil erosion and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Without glyphosate, farmers’ competitiveness would be put at risk and EU food production threatened as no alternatives exist.”
The European Crop Protection Association said: “Failure to re-approve glyphosate would have significant negative repercussions for the competitiveness of European agriculture, the environment, and the ability of farmers to produce safe and affordable food.”
